Re|Shaping Policies for Creativity
UNESCO Fourth Report on the Global Cultural and Creative Sector
August 10th, 2026
Now in its fourth edition, the Re|Shaping Policies for Creativity 2026 report provides an overview of policy developments, challenges and opportunities across the cultural and creative sectors.
The Re|Shaping Policies for Creativity series monitors the implementation of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, adopted in 2005. Since then, three editions have assessed progress in implementing the Convention. Sweden and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) have been important partners throughout the process. The report draws on 133 reports submitted by Parties to the Convention, which has been ratified by 162 countries. In total, 3,908 policies and measures were analysed.
The cultural and creative sectors are at a critical moment. Recognised as drivers of growth and sustainability, they are increasingly integrated into national development strategies, with 85% of surveyed countries including cultural and creative industries in their national development plans. Global trade in cultural goods doubled between 2005 and 2023, reaching US$254 billion. Yet, this growth remains unevenly distributed. Direct investment in culture and global development aid for the sector remain limited and continue to decline.
Digital transformation has broadened access to creative tools, markets and audiences, contributing to a significant increase in creators' digital revenues, which now account for 35% of their income. Meanwhile, 63% of countries support digital creation programmes. Yet significant inequalities remain: 67% of people in developed countries have essential digital skills, compared with just 28% in developing countries
Gender gaps also persist, with women remaining underrepresented in the technology and creative sectors and are more often framed as consumers rather than producers.
Artistic freedom and the safety of creators are also increasingly under threat. While 61% of countries have independent monitoring bodies for artistic freedom, only 37% report protective initiatives for artists affected by conflict or displacement.
The way we understand culture, creativity and the role of artists is changing. The report highlights that, while digital transformation creates new opportunities, it can also deepens existing inequalities and vulnerabilities.
